Lecture Exam 3

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Question #1

Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors are found in the

A mucosa and submucosa of the GI tract along its length.

B muscularis interna of the entire length of the GI tract.

C epithelium of the inferior portion of the GI tract.

D adventitia of the upper portion of the GI tract.

E myenteric plexus of the mucosa of the intestine.

Question #2

The esophagus is part of the gastrointestinal tract.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #3

What is the correct order for the layers of the GI tract wall, from innermost (next to lumen) to outermost?

A Adventitia/serosa – muscularis – mucosa – submucosa

B Adventitia/serosa – mucosa – submucosa – muscularis

C Mucosa – submucosa – muscularis – adventitia/serosa

D Muscularis – mucosa – adventitia/serosa – submucosa

E Mucosa – submucosa – adventitia/serosa – muscularis

Question #4

The outer layer of the muscularis of the colon is discontinuous (does not entirely surround the colon), and forms the bundles of smooth muscles known as the teniae coli.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #5

If a fatty meal has been ingested, the liver and gallbladder need to be alerted about the need for bile. The receptors that are responsible for sensing the fat in the ingested food are referred to as

A chemoreceptors.

B omental neurons

C osmodetectors.

D bilireceptors.

E mechanoreceptors.

Question #6

“Segmentation” within the small intestine refers to the

A gastroileal reflex that moves materials from the stomach to the large intestine.

B back-and-forth motion that mixes chyme with glandular secretions.

C division of function between the different segments of the small intestine.

D propulsion of material between the segments of the GI tract.

Question #7

Which organ is retroperitoneal?

A Pancreas

B Cecum

C Jejunum

D Stomach

E Transverse colon

Question #8

The type of receptor within the GI tract wall that detects stretch is the

A mechanoreceptor.

B retroperitoneal proprioceptor.

C chemoreceptor.

D steroid receptor.

Question #9

Which is the layer of the serous membrane that directly covers the surface of internal organs?

A Parietal peritoneum

B Muscularis mucosa

C Rectal peritoneum

D Visceral peritoneum

E Omental layer

Question #10

The term “retroperitoneal” may be used to describe the location of certain abdominal organs. This means that such organs are located

A between folds of the parietal peritoneum.

B deep to the visceral peritoneum.

C in the peritoneal cavity.

D between the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum.

E posterior to the parietal peritoneum.

Question #11

Which duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder?

A Cystic duct

B Hepatic duct

C Hepatopancreatic duct

D Pancreatic duct

E Common bile duct

Question #12

Which bones form the hard palate?

A Palatine bones

B Maxillae and sphenoid

C Ethmoid and sphenoid bones

D Maxillae and inferior nasal conchae

E Palatine bones and maxillae

Question #13

Amylase from saliva digests

A lipids.

B starch.

C glucose.

D protein.

Question #14

Stenosis (constriction) of the hepatopancreatic ampulla would interfere with

A the secretion of mucus.

B peristalsis.

C the transport of bile and pancreatic juice.

D the passage of chyme into the small intestine.

E salivary gland secretion.

Question #15

For the majority of the GI tract, which layer(s) of the wall contain smooth muscle?

A Submucosa and muscularis

B Mucosa and adventitia

C Muscularis only

D Serosa only

E Mucosa and muscularis

Question #16

The inferior esophageal sphincter is also known as the

A esophageal hiatus.

B pharyngealgastric sphincter.

C cardiac sphincter.

D pyloric sphincter.

E pharyngoesophageal sphincter.

Question #17

The ________ are considered the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx.

A glossus

B fauces

C conchae

D fossae

E choana

Question #18

The accumulation of large amounts of adipose tissue in the ________ that extends from the inferolateral surface of the stomach can form what is commonly called a “beer belly.”

A mesentery proper

B greater omentum

C falciform ligament

D lesser omentum

E mesocolon

Question #19

An increased secretion of watery saliva will result when the

A basal nuclei of the brainstem activate sympathetic pathways to salivary glands.

B salivary nuclei of the brainstem activate parasympathetic pathways to salivary glands.

C salivary nuclei of the cerebrum activate sympathetic pathways to salivary glands.

D glossopharyngeal nuclei of the pons activate somatic and sympathetic pathways to the salivary glands.

E basal nuclei of the cerebrum activate somatic pathways to salivary glands.

Question #20

Which is (are) not found in the wall of the large intestine?

A Lymphatic nodules

B Intestinal glands

C Villi

D Simple columnar epithelium

E Goblet cells

Question #21

Lysozyme within saliva primarily functions to

A inhibit bacterial growth.

B moisten and disperse food.

C wash materials off teeth.

D initiate the chemical breakdown of starch.

Question #22

Protein digestion begins in the

A esophagus.

B large intestine.

C stomach.

D small intestine.

E mouth.

Question #23

An organ that helps break down food but is not part of the tube through which the foodstuffs pass is referred to as a(n)

A organ of mastication.

B accessory digestive organ.

C diffuse ingestive structure.

D chemically digesting organ.

E alimentary canal organ.

Question #24

The pancreas is located primarily on the ________ side of the body, and it produces an _______ juice that is rich in a variety of enzymes.

A left, acidic

B left, alkaline

C right, alkaline

D right, acidic

Question #25

The gallbladder is part of the gastrointestinal tract.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #26

Bronchial arteries carry ________ blood to the tissues of the lung.

A oxygenated

B deoxygenated

Question #27

Which is not part of the respiratory membrane?

A Plasma membrane of Type II cell

B Fused basement membrane

C Plasma membrane of Type I cell

D Capillary endothelium

Question #28

Exposure to irritants causes mucus production to

A decrease.

B increase.

Question #29

These muscles extend from a superior rib inferomedially to the adjacent inferior rib. They elevate the ribs upon contraction, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.

A Transversus thoracis

B Scalenes

C Internal intercostals

D Serratus posterior inferior

E External intercostals

Question #30

What changes in the blood levels of respiratory gases result from hyperventilation?

A If we have equal masses of ethane and oxygen, there is no limiting reactant.

B Oxygen levels do not change but carbon dioxide levels fall.

C Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels fall.

D Oxygen levels rise and carbon dioxide levels fall.

E Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels rise.

Question #31

Terminal bronchioles of the lower respiratory system are lined with

A stratified columnar epithelium.

B nonkeratinized stratified squamous.

C simple cuboidal epithelium.

D pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

E keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Question #32

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration is the

A residual volume.

B inspiratory capacity.

C functional residual capacity.

D inspiratory reserve volume.

Question #33

Which do not belong to the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

A Respiratory bronchioles

B Terminal bronchioles

C Pulmonary alveoli

D Alveolar ducts

E Alveolar sacs

Question #34

Which answer places the following events in proper order for pulmonary ventilation?
a: Thoracic cavity volume changes.
b: Brainstem nuclei stimulate skeletal muscles to contract.
c: Air flows down its pressure gradient.
d: Dimensional changes in the thorax lead to pressure changes within the lung.

A b, a, d, c

B c, a, d, b

C a, c, d, b

D b, d, c, a

E d, c, b, a

Question #35

Air flows out of the body during expiration because

A intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

B intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

C intrapleural pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure.

D atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure.

Question #36

The expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume equals the

A functional residual capacity.

B tidal volume.

C inspiratory reserve volume.

D forced expiratory volume.

E vital capacity.

Question #37

Airflow is ________ related to the pressure gradient and ________ related to resistance.

A inversely; directly

B directly; directly

C directly; inversely

D inversely; inversely

Question #38

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

A Simple squamous epithelium

B Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

C Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

D Cuboidal epithelium

E Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question #39

When central chemoreceptors detect a drop in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid,

A the vagus and phrenic nerves stimulate decreased production of the catalyst carbonic anhydrase.

B pontine respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing.

C medullary respiratory centers trigger an increase in rate and depth of breathing.

D medullary respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing.

Question #40

What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?

A Alveolar ducts

B Esophagus

C Trachea

D Pharynx

E Bronchioles

Question #41

What structures are used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

A Laryngopharynx and esophagus

B Laryngopharynx and larynx

C Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

D Nasal cavity and nasopharynx

E Paranasal sinuses

Question #42

Compared to its partial pressure in the atmosphere, oxygen’s partial pressure in the alveoli is

A equivalent.

B higher.

C lower.

Question #43

An air passage (valley) beneath a turbinate within the nasal cavity is referred to as a

A vibrissa.

B concha.

C vestibule.

D meatus.

Question #44

The most common cell making up the alveolar wall is the

A dust cell.

B alveolar macrophage.

C septal cell.

D alveolar type II cell.

E alveolar type I cell.

Question #45

An increase in the partial pressure of CO 2 causes bronchioles to

A constrict.

B dilate.

Question #46

Histamine release results in increased airway resistance and decreased airflow.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #47

Compared to its partial pressure at sea level, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude with an atmospheric pressure of only 380 mmHg (recall that sea level atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg)?

A Po2 would be twice as much as it would be at sea level.

B Po2 would be one-fourth as much as it would be at sea level.

C Po2 would be three-quarters as much as it would be at sea level.

D Po2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level.

Question #48

Which of the following has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

A The systemic cells

B The blood circulating in systemic arteries

C The alveoli of the lungs

Question #49

Approximately what percent of the oxygen in blood is transported by the hemoglobin of erythrocytes?

A 98%

B 75%

C 33%

D 50%

E 66%

Question #50

Hemoglobin is crucial for oxygen transport in the blood because oxygen has a ________ solubility coefficient in water.

A low

B high

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