Exam 3

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Question #1

Don Marquis’ argument is an argument from analogy

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #2

Leviathan was written by John Locke

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #3

Carol Gilligan accepts the theory of moral development in stages developed by Lawrence Kohlberg.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #4

Aristotle wrote that true friendship is based on

A The mutual pursuit of happiness

B The sharing of the same basic nature

C The sharing of common interests

D The mutual recognition of goodness in each other

Question #5

Immanuel Kant developed a hedonistic calculus

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #6

Which philosopher argues that individuals should realize their human potential through productive work that exercises their capacities?

A John Locke

B Karl Marx

C Immanuel Kant

D Jean Jacques Rousseau

Question #7

Mill’s central concern in On Liberty is freedom of the individual

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #8

Ethical relativism denies the existence of a single, universally applicable moral standard.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #9

Hobbes believed that nothing could be unjust in a war of all against all

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #10

Aquinas defended the principle of double effect.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #11

Bentham was a utilitarian

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #12

Hobbes and Locke were both social contract theoriests

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #13

Hobbes believed that the authority of the state was based on a social contract

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #14

What philosopher argues that killing an adult human being is wrong because it deprives one of a fundamental good: one’s own future with all its experiences, activities, projects, and enjoyments?

A Jane English

B Don Marquis

C Immanuel Kant

D Richard Hare

Question #15

Who believed that justice was the name for certain important social utilities?

A Hegel

B Mill

C Rawls

D Kant

Question #16

The psychologist Carol Gilligan argued that

A women tend to approach ethics by focusing on being impartial

B Women tend to approach ethics differently than men

C All children employ the same ethical principles

D children whose parents had more education had higher levels of moral development

Question #17

Which philosopher argued that a law is nothing more than a command issued by a ruler, backed by threats of punishment, and maintained by a habit of obedience?

A John Stuart Mill

B John Austin

C John Rawls

D Karl Marx

Question #18

Which philosopher argues that in a just society work burdens should be distributed according to ability and benefits should be distributed according to need?

A Nozick

B Marx

C Rawls

D Plato

Question #19

Ethics is the study of

A Metaphysics

B Religion

C Morality

D Knowledge

Question #20

David Hume argued that

A Governments are formed by conquest or succession

B The government must have absolute power

C There is no legitimate authority for government

D Government derives its authority from God

Question #21

Aristotle developed an early version of virtue ethics.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #22

Epicurus was a hedonist

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #23

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke agree that

A Prior to the formation of government we have no rights

B Rationality enables human beings to perceive the necessity of forming a state

C The government must have absolute power in order to prevent chaos

D The government derives its power from God

Question #24

The view that in a just society each individual will be given equal share of benefits and burdens is

A Strict egalitarianism

B Formal equality

C Rawlsian equality

D Substantive egalitarianism

Question #25

Thomas Jefferson was a disciple of

A Locke

B Plato

C Rousseau

D Hobbes

Question #26

Which two needs does Hobbes believe drive human action?

A Personal gain and love of others

B Personal gain and survival

C Love of others and desire for peace

D Survival and love of others

Question #27

Which of the following philosophers was a hedonist?

A Harry Browne

B Aristotle

C Plato

D Epicurus

Question #28

Basic to the doctrines of Buddhism are the

A Four Noble Truths

B Three Noble Commands

C Noble Commands

D Five Noble Truths

Question #29

Feuerbach held that philosophy is the science of

A Reality

B Truth

C Religion

D Morality

Question #30

Who developed the categorical imperative?

A Aristotle

B Aquinas

C Mill

D Kant

Question #31

Nel Noddings’ book Caring agrees with Kant that caring for others must be based on a firm sense of moral obligations and not on feelings.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #32

Carol Gilligan believed that moral development for a woman was marked by progress toward more adequate ways of caring for herself and others.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #33

Which philosopher defined a right as a justified entitlement or claim on others?

A Martin Luther King Jr.

B Thomas Jefferson

C H.J. McCloskey

D Michael Sandel

Question #34

Contract theory says that individuals give up certain rights and liberties to the state, which guarantees other rights

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #35

Conditional pacifists hold that war is always wrong

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #36

Plato discussed three active principles in each person: reason, spirit, and anger.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #37

Who said that the state was “prior to the individual”?

A Aristotle

B Hobbes

C Locke

D Rawls

Question #38

Epicurus was concerned with sober thinking

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #39

David Hume endorsed social contract theory

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #40

Epictetus was concerned only with appearances.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #41

What did Hobbes believe rulers should use to form the wills of their subjects?

A Terror

B Reason

C Kindness

D Safety

Question #42

What 1973 Supreme Court case ruled that the government may not make laws restricting abortions performed during the first six months of pregnancy?

A Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

B Plessy v. Fergusen

C Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey

D Roe v. Wade

Question #43

Rawls’ difference principle states that

A The market should determine the difference in people’s economic rewards

B There should be no differences in people’s economic status

C Society should not control the distribution of wealth

D Social and economic inequalities should be arranged to the benefit of the least advantaged

Question #44

What philosopher argues that sexual acts that exclude the possibility of procreation are unnatural and therefore morally wrong?

A James Rachel

B Donald Levy

C Aristotle

D John Finnis

Question #45

Divine command theory is a(n) __________ ethical theory

A Deontological

B Utilitarian

C Consequentialist

D Non-consequentialist

Question #46

What philosopher associated justice with merit, in the sense that individuals are treated and given a station in life according to their talents and accomplishments?

A Rawls

B Hegel

C Plato

D Aristotle

Question #47

John Locke rejected the view that consent could be tacit

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #48

The utilitarian ethics of Bentham and Mill is a version of

A Divine command theory

B Deontological ethics

C Virtue ethics

D Consequentialist ethics

Question #49

What view holds that different societies or cultures have different moralities?

A Ethical absolutism

B Rule utilitarianism

C Descriptive relativism

D Ethical relativism

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