Lecture Exam 1 (A)

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity

B  Increasing the expression of cAMP

C  Increasing the availability of phosphodiesterase molecules

D  Acting as an agonist on the receptor for epinephrine, a hormone that increases heart contractility

E  Decreasing the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase

A  Upregulation of insulin receptors

B  Decreased expression of the second messenger in the insulin pathway

C  Downregulation of insulin receptors

D  Increased affinity of insulin for its receptor

E  Saturation of the insulin receptor

A  cAMP

B  Tyrosine residues

C  Enzymes

D  G-protein coupled receptor

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  is an agonist to the enkephalin receptor.

B  decreases enkephalin in the brain

C  increases enkephalin’s affinity for its receptor.

D  increases enkephalin in the brain.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Epinephrine is binding to two types of receptors in the plasma membrane.

B  The activated receptor complex stimulates production of two different second messengers.

C  Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activates two kinds of enzymes.

D  Cyclic AMP directly activates enzymes that catabolize glycogen and fat.

A  takes small molecules and makes polymers out of them.

B  allows small amounts of hormones to produce large responses in target cells.

C  results in the production of more of the first messenger.

D  allows a cell to respond to more different hormones.

A  ATP

B  Epinephrine

C  Adenylyl cyclase

D  Diacylglycerol

E  Phospholipase C

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Epithelial cells lining the small intestine have Na +-K +-ATPase pumps only in their basolateral membranes.

B  Epithelial cell membranes express different transport proteins on different cell surfaces.

C  The pathway taken by substances that flow between epithelial cells is called the paracellular pathway.

D  When substances cross epithelial barriers by going through the cell membranes and cytosol, it is called the transcellular pathway.

E  The plasma membrane of epithelial cells that face the inside of a hollow or fluid-filled chamber in the body is called the basolateral membrane.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  false, because the rate of diffusion of nonpolar and polar molecules through the bilayer is essentially the same as long as the molecules are the same size.

B  false, because polar molecules diffuse through less rapidly because the bilayer is polar throughout its width.

C  false, because nonpolar molecules diffuse through more rapidly because much of the bilayer is nonpolar.

D  false, because polar molecules diffuse through less rapidly because the bilayer is nonpolar throughout its width.

E  true.

A  Primary active transport of molecules would cease.

B  Ion concentration gradients would reach equilibrium across the cell membrane.

C  Facilitated diffusion of molecules would cease.

D  All transport processes would cease immediately when the ATP was depleted.

E  Secondary active transport of molecules would cease

A  osmosis.

B  endocytosis.

C  diffusion.

D  facilitated diffusion.

E  apoptosis.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Solute X will reach equilibrium, but the concentration will be much higher on the inside of the cell because of the smaller volume.

B  At equilibrium, the netflux of X across the cell membrane is zero.

C  Solute X will be unable to reach equilibrium because it is nonpolar.

D  At equilibrium, X will cease movingacross the cell membrane.

E  At equilibrium, movement of X across the membrane will be much faster in one direction than in the other.

A  Its penetrating solute concentration is greater than that of a normalcell

B  Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is greater than that of a normalcell.

C  Its penetrating solute concentration is less than that of a normalcell.

D  Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is less than that of a normalcell

E  Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is equal to that of a normalcell.

A  The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the products are equal to that of the reactant.

B  The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the reactant is greater than that of the products.

C  The reaction is anabolic and the energy content of the products is greater than that of the reactant.

D  The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the products is greater than that of the reactant.

E  The reaction is anabolic and the energy content of the reactant is greater than that of the products.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  The forward direction (toward more carbonic acid accumulation)

B  The net rate will be unaffected by an increase in carbonic acid concentration.

C  The reverse direction (toward more water and carbon dioxide accumulation)

A  The temperature of the room needs to increase to increase the rate of reaction.

B  The enzyme has become saturated.

C  The substrate solution has become contaminated with an allosteric inhibitor.

D  Over time, the substrate molecules are denaturing.

E  The enzyme molecules are being used up and broken down by the reaction.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  mitochondria

B  endosomes

C  peroxisomes

D  lysosomes

E  ribosomes

A  Oxidative phosphorylation

B  None of the choices are correct.

C  The breakdown of fatty acids to CO 2 and H 2O

D  Glycolysis

E  Krebs cycle

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Transcription of DNA into RNA

B  Synthesis and packaging of proteins for secretion from the cell or export to other organelles

C  Digestion of engulfed bacteria and cellular debris

D  Generation of ATP

E  Synthesis of lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Gasses

B  Electrolytes

C  Vitamins

D  Free radicals

E  Isotopes

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Carbon and hydrogen, connected by hydrogen bonds

B  Carbon and oxygen, connected by polar covalent bonds.

C  Carbon and hydrogen, connected by ionic bonds

D  Carbon and hydrogen, connected by non-polar covalent bonds

E  Oxygen and hydrogen, connected by hydrogen bonds

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Ionic forms of mineral elements

B  Lipids that form the membranes of cells

C  Sugars that were broken down for energy

D  Oxygen and gases used by metabolism

E  Vitamins

A  They can form different numbers of chemical bonds.

B  They have different number of energy shells

C  They have different numbers of neutrons.

D  They have different numbers of electrons.

E  They have different numbers of protons.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  They are polymers of subunits containing a phosphate group, a sugar, and an amino acid.

B  They are polymers of subunits containing glucose, a phosphate group, and an amino acid.

C  They are polymers of subunits containing glucose andamino acids.

D  They are polymers of subunits containing a phosphate group, a sugar, and a purine or pyrimidine base.

E  They are long polymers of amino acids, folded into an alpha helix.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Leave the amount of sodium unchanged

B  Change the set point for sodium

C  Decrease the amount of sodium in the blood

D  Increase the amount of sodium in the blood

E  Inhibit the ingestion of more sodium

A  Ventricles of the heart

B  The adrenal glands

C  Endocrine gland in the gonads

D  Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain

E  Photoreceptors of the eye

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector

B  Effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor

C  Effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor

D  Receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector

E  Integrating center, receptor, afferent pathway, efferent pathway, effector

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  how two organisms interact.

B  the structure of the body.

C  how organisms function.

D  the spread of diseases.

E  two of the choices are correct.