Exam 2

A  Women receive conflicting messages of what the “ideal” woman is.

B  Women’s bodies are objectified in our society and women are constantly bombarded with images and messages that they must be thin.

C  Adolescents are not considered prime targets for advertising.

D  Teen girls today are growing up in a toxic culture and are at risk for a number of problems and disorders.

A  all schools in the United States emphasize critical thinking skills today.

B  there is a discrepancy in funding of public education in the United States and some schools lack resources and offer few opportunities for educational success for their students.

C  teacher expectations do not affect students’ performance.

D  there is equal funding in schools across the United States.

A  presented data from a study in which the research method utilized was interviews and the sample included convicted white-collar offenders.

B  found that offenders went through a process of transformation of their identities.

C  found that all of the offenders stated that profit motive and extraordinary circumstances due to their employment difficulties were NOT factors in their criminal activity.

D  stated that the offenders utilized impression management techniques and techniques of neutralization (such as denial of victim) to avoid being labeled.

A  Exchange Theory

B  Cyberfeminism

C  Symbolic Interactionism

D  Structural Functionalism

A  Dating a member of the same sex to make a political statement.

B  When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves.

C  The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another.

D  The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements.

A  Structural Functionalism

B  Symbolic Interactionism

C  Conflict Theory

D  Cyberfeminism

A  55 cents

B  $1.52

C  77 cents

D  92 cents

A  Homophobia

B  A double standard

C  A misunderstanding

D  Gender identity

A  Sex is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine, gender is biological characterization of anatomy.

B  Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine.

C  Sex refers to sexual orientation, and gender refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females.

D  Sex refers to who a person is sexually attracted to, and gender refers to whom a person chooses to partner with.

A  Conflict theory

B  Functionalism

C  Symbolic interactionism

D  Feminism

A  The social construction of race

B  Affirmative action

C  Intersection theory

D  White privilege

A  Biologically identifiable

B  No longer in existence

C  Not biologically identifiable

D  A product of the media

A  Feminism

B  Tracking

C  Grade inflation

D  Manifest function

A  Academic bribing

B  Systematic grading

C  Grade inflation

D  GPA debt

A  Symbolic interactionism

B  Conflict theory

C  Functionalism

D  Feminist theory

A  Conflict theory

B  Symbolic interactionism

C  Functionalism

D  None of the above

A  Men and women who are married experience less abuse, than those who are cohabitating.

B  Men and women who are married experience considerably more abuse, than those who are cohabitating.

C  Men and women who are married feel empowered to report abuse, thus the statistics we have on IPV between married couples are very accurate.

D  Men and women who are married prefer to seek therapy and counseling for their problems rather than hitting, punching, or screaming.

A  There was an increase in women working outside of the home, and also, greater social acceptance of divorce.

B  Most people divorcing in the 1960’s grew up during World War II and struggled to make the austerity of their childhood correlate with their more abundant and fruitful lifestyles in the 1960’s.

C  Men were granted more freedom and often allowed to work from home which put more strain on their marital relationships, and which also coincided with women becoming more educated and more aware of their legal rights.

D  The 1960’s saw the birth of the zero-tolerance concept, which many men and women applied to their marriages, and which, many in society thought a great idea.

A  Many young people place education and career higher than marriage on their list of priorities.

B  Most people in the Millennial generation are caring for their aging parents and do not have time for long term, serious relationships.

C  Most men spend at least a year traveling the world to get a better understanding of the world, and consequently, don’t want to be tied down by a wife.

D  Many women fear having children too early and, consequently, having to give up a good career.

A  Cohabitating, unmarried partners have a slightly higher divorce rate after they get married than those who don’t cohabitate until after marriage.

B  Cohabitating, unmarried partners have a slightly lower divorce rate after they get married than those who don’t cohabitate until after marriage.

C  Cohabitating, unmarried partners have the exact same divorce rate as the people who don’t cohabitate until marriage.

D  It does not matter because divorce occurs when two people are incompatible and does not depend on how long people have lived with each other.

A  Sociologists only consider traditional marriage as a requirement to be a family.

B  Sociologist try to keep the definition open so that people who walk by each other on the street are a family.

C  Sociologists try to keep the definition open to encompass all types of people who are emotionally close to each other.

D  Sociologists only consider people who live in the same household to be a family.

A  Modernization theory

B  Age stratification theory

C  Continuity theory

D  Exchange theory

A  As people age, they think less and less about being married to their spouse, and more about their individuality.

B  As people age, they disengage with their friends in order to spend more time with their families.

C  As people age, they begin to lose their friends and family and spend their last days mourning their losses.

D  As people age, they generally withdraw from all forms of society.

A  It is the comparison of grandparents to parents.

B  It is the comparison of children to parents.

C  It is the comparison of working people to non-working people.

D  It is the comparison of healthcare professionals to the elderly.

A  People are living under so much stress now, that they are going gray early.

B  With industrialization and the building of big cities, there is very little green nature left and everything is the color of steel.

C  The greatest part of the population is reaching the age of 65 and entering old age.

D  Gray is culturally considered beautiful and thus people are bleaching their hair.

A  Cyberfeminist

B  Conflict

C  Functionalist

D  Symbolic Interactionist

A  Digital divide

B  Computer lag

C  New media

D  Technological pause

A  An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives.

B  A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual.

C  The regulation and enforcement of norms.

D  A system that has the authority to make decisions based on law.

A  States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.

B  Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.

C  Argues that morality is based on wealth.

D  Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle.

A  Labeling theory

B  Control theory

C  Differential association

D  Strain theory

A  A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.

B  The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring.

C  Social reward for the violation of norms.

D  The regulation and enforcement of norms.

A  Labeling theory

B  Strain theory

C  Opaque theory

D  Differential association theory

A  Age is dependent on one’s physical appearance.

B  Age is socially constructed.

C  Age has a similar meaning in most societies.

D  Age is dependent upon one’s individual attitude and personality.

A  sexual harassment

B  sex-typing

C  matriarchy

D  gender stratification

A  gender tracking

B  political correctness

C  affirmative action

D  feminization of the workplace

A  providing child care service for working parents and the hidden curriculum

B  teaching computer literacy, the hidden curriculum, reproducing the social class system

C  teaching knowledge and skills, cultural transmission of values, social integration

D  teaching the three Rs, the hidden curriculum, reproducing the social class system

A  child neglect

B  child abuse

C  serial fatherhood

D  middle-age fatherhood

A  the symbolic interactionist perspective

B  the conflict perspective

C  the functionalist perspective

D  the feminist perspective

A  Middle class parents are more likely to stress language use, the development of reasoning skills, and negotiation.

B  Middle class parents are likely to raise their children by methods of concerted cultivation.

C  Working class and poor parents are more likely to emphasize natural growth, provide basic support, and are more likely to give directives to their children.

D  all of the above were noted in the research findings.

A  social class level, gender, and geographic location.

B  all are factors of one’s playing field.

C  parents’ education level and occupation.

D  being male or female and one’s race.

E  none of the above are examples of one’s playing field

A  The intellectual status of each group.

B  The age of the Saints compared to the age of the Roughnecks.

C  The race of the members of each group.

D  The difference in the social class of the Saints compared to the Roughnecks.

A  language skills

B  physical attractiveness

C  social class

D  individual IQ scores

A  Labeling Theory

B  Strain Theory

C  Differential Association Theory

D  Control-Bond Theory

A  caused by positivism.

B  being due to individuals having a criminal personality.

C  caused by a defective environment.

D  caused by biological drives.

A  cooperative tasks is inversely related with group conflict.

B  competition breeds friction between groups.

C  hierarchial statuses formed quickly in the group of boys just as it does in the greater society.

D  none of the above.

E  all of the above.

A  become an alcoholic or marry an alcoholic.

B  be obese and/or have low self-esteem.

C  be aggressive and have a weak bond with his parents.

D  all of the above.

A  education

B  religion

C  social class

D  ethnicity

A  Mothers tended to treat their children the same, regardless of the child’s sex.

B  Mothers socialized their sons to be passive and dependent.

C  Mothers subconsciously rewarded daughters for being dependent.

D  Mothers kept their sons closer to them when they played.

A  norms; beliefs

B  attitudes; actions

C  values; attitudes

D  actions; attitudes

A  standardized test scores

B  age at application

C  high school rank

D  family background

A  these children miss out on key stages of their childhood.

B  these children take on adult reponsibilites.

C  these children may have a “mid-life crisis” in adulthood as they may revert back to stages they missed in childhood.

D  all of the above.

A  Control-Bond Theory

B  Differential Association Theory

C  Labeling Theory

D  Rational-Choice Theory

E  Strain Theory

A  Differential Association Theory

B  Control-Bond Theory

C  Rational-Choice/Exchange Theory

D  Labeling Theory

A  learning about prejudice and experiencing discrimination has no effect on children.

B  having children experience discrimination first hand can alleviate prejudicial beliefs in adulthood.

C  children do not adopt stereotypes or learn prejudice from their significant others or agents of socialization.

D  parents who are prejudice want their children to experience discrimination.

A  When we are members of the middle or upper classes and have too much to lose.

B  When we have strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with society.

C  When we are able to reject negative labels and neutralize our deviance.

D  When punishment is feared from authorities such as parents or the court system.

A  the hidden curriculum

B  gender tracking

C  gender socialization

D  resocialization

A  It is a unilateral family.

B  It is a bilateral family.

C  It is an egalitarian family.

D  It is an extended family.

A  educating those who are racist will not work as individual’s views do not change.

B  consistent and intensive nteractions with other groups can alleviate prejudicial feelings.

C  cooperative tasks has not worked in the past as individual achievement is a core U.S. value.

D  there is really nothing that can be done as prejudice and discrimination cannot be alleviated.

A  It creates dedicated workers who will sacrifice personal ambition for the needs of society.

B  It perpetuates the class system that has been in place for generations.

C  It ensures that the more capable people fill positions requiring higher intellectual levels.

D  It reproduces the racial and ethnic structure of society for the next generation.