Exam 2

A  Women’s bodies are objectified in our society and women are constantly bombarded with images and messages that they must be thin.

B  Teen girls today are growing up in a toxic culture and are at risk for a number of problems and disorders.

C  Women receive conflicting messages of what the “ideal” woman is.

D  Adolescents are not considered prime targets for advertising.

A  there is equal funding in schools across the United States.

B  all schools in the United States emphasize critical thinking skills today.

C  teacher expectations do not affect students’ performance.

D  there is a discrepancy in funding of public education in the United States and some schools lack resources and offer few opportunities for educational success for their students.

A  presented data from a study in which the research method utilized was interviews and the sample included convicted white-collar offenders.

B  stated that the offenders utilized impression management techniques and techniques of neutralization (such as denial of victim) to avoid being labeled.

C  found that all of the offenders stated that profit motive and extraordinary circumstances due to their employment difficulties were NOT factors in their criminal activity.

D  found that offenders went through a process of transformation of their identities.

A  Symbolic Interactionism

B  Cyberfeminism

C  Exchange Theory

D  Structural Functionalism

A  Dating a member of the same sex to make a political statement.

B  When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves.

C  The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another.

D  The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements.

A  Conflict Theory

B  Symbolic Interactionism

C  Cyberfeminism

D  Structural Functionalism

A  $1.52

B  77 cents

C  55 cents

D  92 cents

A  A double standard

B  Homophobia

C  A misunderstanding

D  Gender identity

A  Sex is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine, gender is biological characterization of anatomy.

B  Sex refers to sexual orientation, and gender refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females.

C  Sex refers to who a person is sexually attracted to, and gender refers to whom a person chooses to partner with.

D  Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine.

A  Conflict theory

B  Functionalism

C  Feminism

D  Symbolic interactionism

A  Intersection theory

B  White privilege

C  The social construction of race

D  Affirmative action

A  A product of the media

B  No longer in existence

C  Not biologically identifiable

D  Biologically identifiable

A  Manifest function

B  Feminism

C  Grade inflation

D  Tracking

A  Systematic grading

B  GPA debt

C  Academic bribing

D  Grade inflation

A  Functionalism

B  Symbolic interactionism

C  Conflict theory

D  Feminist theory

A  Conflict theory

B  Symbolic interactionism

C  Functionalism

D  None of the above

A  Men and women who are married experience considerably more abuse, than those who are cohabitating.

B  Men and women who are married experience less abuse, than those who are cohabitating.

C  Men and women who are married prefer to seek therapy and counseling for their problems rather than hitting, punching, or screaming.

D  Men and women who are married feel empowered to report abuse, thus the statistics we have on IPV between married couples are very accurate.

A  The 1960’s saw the birth of the zero-tolerance concept, which many men and women applied to their marriages, and which, many in society thought a great idea.

B  Most people divorcing in the 1960’s grew up during World War II and struggled to make the austerity of their childhood correlate with their more abundant and fruitful lifestyles in the 1960’s.

C  Men were granted more freedom and often allowed to work from home which put more strain on their marital relationships, and which also coincided with women becoming more educated and more aware of their legal rights.

D  There was an increase in women working outside of the home, and also, greater social acceptance of divorce.

A  Many young people place education and career higher than marriage on their list of priorities.

B  Most men spend at least a year traveling the world to get a better understanding of the world, and consequently, don’t want to be tied down by a wife.

C  Many women fear having children too early and, consequently, having to give up a good career.

D  Most people in the Millennial generation are caring for their aging parents and do not have time for long term, serious relationships.

A  Cohabitating, unmarried partners have the exact same divorce rate as the people who don’t cohabitate until marriage.

B  It does not matter because divorce occurs when two people are incompatible and does not depend on how long people have lived with each other.

C  Cohabitating, unmarried partners have a slightly lower divorce rate after they get married than those who don’t cohabitate until after marriage.

D  Cohabitating, unmarried partners have a slightly higher divorce rate after they get married than those who don’t cohabitate until after marriage.

A  Sociologist try to keep the definition open so that people who walk by each other on the street are a family.

B  Sociologists only consider traditional marriage as a requirement to be a family.

C  Sociologists try to keep the definition open to encompass all types of people who are emotionally close to each other.

D  Sociologists only consider people who live in the same household to be a family.

A  Continuity theory

B  Modernization theory

C  Exchange theory

D  Age stratification theory

A  As people age, they disengage with their friends in order to spend more time with their families.

B  As people age, they generally withdraw from all forms of society.

C  As people age, they begin to lose their friends and family and spend their last days mourning their losses.

D  As people age, they think less and less about being married to their spouse, and more about their individuality.

A  It is the comparison of grandparents to parents.

B  It is the comparison of healthcare professionals to the elderly.

C  It is the comparison of working people to non-working people.

D  It is the comparison of children to parents.

A  The greatest part of the population is reaching the age of 65 and entering old age.

B  Gray is culturally considered beautiful and thus people are bleaching their hair.

C  People are living under so much stress now, that they are going gray early.

D  With industrialization and the building of big cities, there is very little green nature left and everything is the color of steel.

A  Conflict

B  Symbolic Interactionist

C  Functionalist

D  Cyberfeminist

A  Technological pause

B  Computer lag

C  Digital divide

D  New media

A  A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual.

B  The regulation and enforcement of norms.

C  An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives.

D  A system that has the authority to make decisions based on law.

A  Argues that morality is based on wealth.

B  Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.

C  Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle.

D  States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.

A  Control theory

B  Differential association

C  Labeling theory

D  Strain theory

A  Social reward for the violation of norms.

B  A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.

C  The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring.

D  The regulation and enforcement of norms.

A  Strain theory

B  Labeling theory

C  Opaque theory

D  Differential association theory

A  Age is dependent on one’s physical appearance.

B  Age is dependent upon one’s individual attitude and personality.

C  Age has a similar meaning in most societies.

D  Age is socially constructed.

A  matriarchy

B  sexual harassment

C  gender stratification

D  sex-typing

A  gender tracking

B  political correctness

C  feminization of the workplace

D  affirmative action

A  providing child care service for working parents and the hidden curriculum

B  teaching knowledge and skills, cultural transmission of values, social integration

C  teaching computer literacy, the hidden curriculum, reproducing the social class system

D  teaching the three Rs, the hidden curriculum, reproducing the social class system

A  serial fatherhood

B  child abuse

C  middle-age fatherhood

D  child neglect

A  the symbolic interactionist perspective

B  the functionalist perspective

C  the feminist perspective

D  the conflict perspective

A  Working class and poor parents are more likely to emphasize natural growth, provide basic support, and are more likely to give directives to their children.

B  Middle class parents are more likely to stress language use, the development of reasoning skills, and negotiation.

C  Middle class parents are likely to raise their children by methods of concerted cultivation.

D  all of the above were noted in the research findings.

A  being male or female and one’s race.

B  parents’ education level and occupation.

C  all are factors of one’s playing field.

D  social class level, gender, and geographic location.

E  none of the above are examples of one’s playing field

A  The intellectual status of each group.

B  The race of the members of each group.

C  The age of the Saints compared to the age of the Roughnecks.

D  The difference in the social class of the Saints compared to the Roughnecks.

A  individual IQ scores

B  social class

C  language skills

D  physical attractiveness

A  Strain Theory

B  Labeling Theory

C  Control-Bond Theory

D  Differential Association Theory

A  caused by positivism.

B  caused by biological drives.

C  being due to individuals having a criminal personality.

D  caused by a defective environment.

A  competition breeds friction between groups.

B  cooperative tasks is inversely related with group conflict.

C  hierarchial statuses formed quickly in the group of boys just as it does in the greater society.

D  none of the above.

E  all of the above.

A  be obese and/or have low self-esteem.

B  be aggressive and have a weak bond with his parents.

C  become an alcoholic or marry an alcoholic.

D  all of the above.

A  social class

B  ethnicity

C  education

D  religion

A  Mothers socialized their sons to be passive and dependent.

B  Mothers kept their sons closer to them when they played.

C  Mothers tended to treat their children the same, regardless of the child’s sex.

D  Mothers subconsciously rewarded daughters for being dependent.

A  attitudes; actions

B  actions; attitudes

C  values; attitudes

D  norms; beliefs

A  age at application

B  family background

C  standardized test scores

D  high school rank

A  these children miss out on key stages of their childhood.

B  these children take on adult reponsibilites.

C  these children may have a “mid-life crisis” in adulthood as they may revert back to stages they missed in childhood.

D  all of the above.

A  Strain Theory

B  Control-Bond Theory

C  Labeling Theory

D  Differential Association Theory

E  Rational-Choice Theory

A  Labeling Theory

B  Control-Bond Theory

C  Rational-Choice/Exchange Theory

D  Differential Association Theory

A  learning about prejudice and experiencing discrimination has no effect on children.

B  having children experience discrimination first hand can alleviate prejudicial beliefs in adulthood.

C  parents who are prejudice want their children to experience discrimination.

D  children do not adopt stereotypes or learn prejudice from their significant others or agents of socialization.

A  When we are members of the middle or upper classes and have too much to lose.

B  When we have strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with society.

C  When punishment is feared from authorities such as parents or the court system.

D  When we are able to reject negative labels and neutralize our deviance.

A  gender socialization

B  resocialization

C  gender tracking

D  the hidden curriculum

A  It is a unilateral family.

B  It is an extended family.

C  It is a bilateral family.

D  It is an egalitarian family.

A  educating those who are racist will not work as individual’s views do not change.

B  there is really nothing that can be done as prejudice and discrimination cannot be alleviated.

C  consistent and intensive nteractions with other groups can alleviate prejudicial feelings.

D  cooperative tasks has not worked in the past as individual achievement is a core U.S. value.

A  It reproduces the racial and ethnic structure of society for the next generation.

B  It ensures that the more capable people fill positions requiring higher intellectual levels.

C  It perpetuates the class system that has been in place for generations.

D  It creates dedicated workers who will sacrifice personal ambition for the needs of society.