Lecture Exam 2

A  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

B  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

C  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

D  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

E  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  somatic, catalyst

B  horizontal, inner

C  bipolar, ganglion

A  iris

B  cornea

C  ciliary muscle

D  retina

E  lens

A  secretes hormones

B  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

C  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

D  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

E  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

F  functions as the body’s thermostat

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  contains voltage-gated channels.

B  is located in the axon hillock.

C  contains ligand-gated channels

D  is where action potentials are first generated.

E  is found in the soma of the neuron

A  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

B  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

C  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

D  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

E  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

A  the posterior column

B  lateral corticospinal tract

C  spinocerebellar tract

D  medial leminscus tract

E  anterior spinothalmic tract

A  amygdala.

B  olfactory bulb

C  cingulate gyrus.

D  hippocampus.

E  mammillary body.

F  primary visual cortex

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

B  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

C  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

D  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

E  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

A  Primary Visual cortex

B  Primary Auditory cortex

C  Occipital lobe association area

D  Somatosensory cortex

E  Parietal lobe association area

A  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

B  both pens are activating the same receptor.

C  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

D  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

A  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

B  depolarize a dendrite.

C  be conducted to the axon hillock.

D  trigger an action potential.

E  cause a change in membrane potential.

A  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

B  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

C  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

D  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

E  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

A  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

B  the dorsal root conducts motor information

C  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

D  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

A  All of these will not occur

B  The depolarization phase of the action potential

C  The graded potential

D  The repolarization phase of the action potential

E  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

A  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

B  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

C  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

D  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

E  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

A  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

B  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

C  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

D  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

E  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

A  Refraction

B  Reflection

C  Retraction

D  Deflection

A  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

E  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  mechanoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  Mitochondria

B  Pineal gland

C  Hypothalamus

D  Pituitary gland

A  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

B  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

C  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

D  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

E  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

A  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

B  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

C  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

D  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

E  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

A  produce myelin

B  can take up excess neurotransmitters

C  produce the CSF

D  physically support neurons.

E  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

F  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

A  It has the same value in all cells.

B  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

C  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

D  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

E  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

F  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

A  acetylcholine

B  histamine

C  norepinephrine

D  serotonin

A  serotonin

B  dopamine

C  histamine

D  acetylcholine

A  serotonin

B  norepinephrine

C  acetylcholine

D  histamine

A  dopamine

B  acetylcholine

C  histamine

D  norepinephrine

A  norepinephrine

B  serotonin

C  dopamine

D  acetylcholine

A  pain

B  Vision

C  Proprioception

D  Cold and warmth

E  Pressure

F  Sound

A  they exit from the anterior gray horn

B  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

C  they secrete dopamine

D  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

E  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

F  they are part of the final common pathway

A  K+ leak channels.

B  Na+ leak channels

C  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

D  Na+/K+ pumps.

A  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

B  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

C  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

D  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

E  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

A  An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential.

B  Action potentials travel in both directions along the axon.

C  Action potentials are usually initiated at the axon hillock of a neuron.

D  An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus.

E  An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane.

A  putamen

B  globus pallidus

C  mammilary body

D  caudate nucleus

E  substantia nigra

F  cingulate gyrus

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

B  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

C  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

D  always results in muscle contraction

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

A  language ability

B  personality traits.

C    

D  final sensory perception

E  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

F  voluntary initiation of movement.

A  nictonic motor neurons

B  delta motor neurons

C  lower motor neurons

D  upper motor neurons

E  gamma motor neurons

A  Black, White

B  Brown, Gray

C  White, Gray

D  Gray, White

A  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

B  bind chemicals called odorants

C  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

D  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

A  presbyopia.

B  hyperopia.

C  cataract.

D  glaucoma.

E  myopia.

A  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

B  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

C  are found primarily in the heart.

D  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

E  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

A  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

B  They propagate without decrement.

C  They are action potentials.

D  They always trigger action potentials.

E  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Photoreceptors

B  Nociceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Mechanoreceptors

E  Proprioceptors

A  adrenergic

B  muscarinic

C  nicotinic

A  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

B  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

C  flatteningof the lens.

D  increased rounding of the cornea.

E  dilation of the pupil.

A  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

B  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

C  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

D  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

E  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

A  limbic system

B  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  somatosensory cortex

D  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

B  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

C  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

D  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

E  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

B  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

C  Both near and distance vision are compromised

D  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

E  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

A  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

B  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

C  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

D  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

A  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

B  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

C  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

D  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

E  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

F  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

A  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

B  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

C  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

D  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

E  2, 1, 5, 4, 3