Lecture Exam 2

A  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

B  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

C  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

D  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

E  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  horizontal, inner

B  somatic, catalyst

C  bipolar, ganglion

A  ciliary muscle

B  lens

C  cornea

D  iris

E  retina

A  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

B  functions as the body’s thermostat

C  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

D  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

E  secretes hormones

F  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  contains ligand-gated channels

B  is found in the soma of the neuron

C  is where action potentials are first generated.

D  contains voltage-gated channels.

E  is located in the axon hillock.

A  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

B  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

C  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

D  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

E  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

A  spinocerebellar tract

B  medial leminscus tract

C  anterior spinothalmic tract

D  the posterior column

E  lateral corticospinal tract

A  mammillary body.

B  primary visual cortex

C  hippocampus.

D  olfactory bulb

E  amygdala.

F  cingulate gyrus.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

B  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

C  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

D  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

E  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

A  Occipital lobe association area

B  Somatosensory cortex

C  Primary Visual cortex

D  Parietal lobe association area

E  Primary Auditory cortex

A  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

B  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

C  both pens are activating the same receptor.

D  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

A  cause a change in membrane potential.

B  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

C  trigger an action potential.

D  depolarize a dendrite.

E  be conducted to the axon hillock.

A  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

B  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

C  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

D  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

E  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

A  the dorsal root conducts motor information

B  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

C  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

D  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

A  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

B  The repolarization phase of the action potential

C  The graded potential

D  The depolarization phase of the action potential

E  All of these will not occur

A  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

B  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

C  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

D  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

E  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

A  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

B  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

C  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

D  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

E  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

A  Deflection

B  Refraction

C  Retraction

D  Reflection

A  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

A  mechanoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  mechanoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  mechanoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  Hypothalamus

B  Pituitary gland

C  Mitochondria

D  Pineal gland

A  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

B  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

C  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

D  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

E  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

A  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

B  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

C  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

D  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

E  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

A  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

B  physically support neurons.

C  produce the CSF

D  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

E  can take up excess neurotransmitters

F  produce myelin

A  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

B  It has the same value in all cells.

C  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

D  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

E  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

F  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

A  acetylcholine

B  norepinephrine

C  histamine

D  serotonin

A  dopamine

B  histamine

C  serotonin

D  acetylcholine

A  histamine

B  acetylcholine

C  norepinephrine

D  serotonin

A  histamine

B  dopamine

C  acetylcholine

D  norepinephrine

A  acetylcholine

B  dopamine

C  norepinephrine

D  serotonin

A  pain

B  Vision

C  Pressure

D  Proprioception

E  Cold and warmth

F  Sound

A  they secrete dopamine

B  they exit from the anterior gray horn

C  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

D  they are part of the final common pathway

E  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

F  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

A  Na+ leak channels

B  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

C  K+ leak channels.

D  Na+/K+ pumps.

A  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

B  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

C  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

D  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

E  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

A  An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential.

B  Action potentials travel in both directions along the axon.

C  An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane.

D  An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus.

E  Action potentials are usually initiated at the axon hillock of a neuron.

A  globus pallidus

B  substantia nigra

C  cingulate gyrus

D  putamen

E  mammilary body

F  caudate nucleus

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

B  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

D  always results in muscle contraction

E  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

A  personality traits.

B  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

C  voluntary initiation of movement.

D  final sensory perception

E  language ability

F    

A  gamma motor neurons

B  delta motor neurons

C  lower motor neurons

D  upper motor neurons

E  nictonic motor neurons

A  Black, White

B  White, Gray

C  Brown, Gray

D  Gray, White

A  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

B  bind chemicals called odorants

C  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

D  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

A  cataract.

B  presbyopia.

C  hyperopia.

D  myopia.

E  glaucoma.

A  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

B  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

C  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

D  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

E  are found primarily in the heart.

A  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

B  They propagate without decrement.

C  They always trigger action potentials.

D  They are action potentials.

E  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Nociceptors

B  Proprioceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Mechanoreceptors

E  Photoreceptors

A  adrenergic

B  nicotinic

C  muscarinic

A  flatteningof the lens.

B  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

C  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

D  dilation of the pupil.

E  increased rounding of the cornea.

A  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

B  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

C  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

D  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

E  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

A  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  somatosensory cortex

C  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  limbic system

A  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

B  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

D  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

E  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Both near and distance vision are compromised

B  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

C  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

D  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

E  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

A  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

B  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

C  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

D  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

A  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

B  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

C  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

D  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

E  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

F  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

A  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

B  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

C  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

D  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

E  5, 4, 3, 1, 2